Japanese Courtesan Meaning: Unveiling a Hidden History

The intricate world of the Edo period significantly shaped japanese courtesan meaning, with establishments like the Yoshiwara serving as prominent centers of art and social interaction. These highly skilled entertainers, known as Geisha in later periods, were far more than just companions; their artistry encompassed music, dance, and intellectual conversation. Understanding the distinction between a Geisha and Oiran requires careful consideration of their roles within the hierarchy of the courtesan world. The research of scholars like Cecilia Segawa Seigle offers invaluable insights into the complexities of japanese courtesan meaning and their lasting cultural impact.

The world of the Japanese courtesan often conjures images shrouded in mystery and misconception.

Far from simple prostitutes, these women, particularly the Oiran, occupied a unique and influential position in Japanese society.

Their lives were interwoven with art, politics, and the vibrant, yet often rigidly structured, world of the Edo Period.

This exploration seeks to peel back the layers of myth and misunderstanding to reveal the historical significance and complex realities of these figures.

We aim to understand their role within the cultural tapestry of Japan, acknowledging the sensitivities inherent in discussing a profession that, while steeped in artistry and influence, also existed within a framework of social and economic constraints.

Dispelling the Myths: More Than Just "Geisha"

A common mistake is to conflate courtesans with geisha or yujo (prostitutes).

While all three existed within the entertainment districts, their roles and social standing differed significantly.

Oiran were high-ranking courtesans, renowned for their beauty, wit, artistic talents, and ability to engage in sophisticated conversation.

They were trendsetters, influencing fashion, art, and even political discourse.

Geisha, on the other hand, were primarily entertainers skilled in music, dance, and conversation, but they did not sell sex.

Yujo were prostitutes, offering sexual services without the artistic training and social standing of the Oiran.

Understanding these distinctions is crucial to appreciating the unique place held by the Oiran in Japanese history.

Historical Significance and the Oiran

The Oiran emerged during the Edo Period (1603-1868), a time of relative peace and prosperity that fostered the growth of urban centers and a burgeoning merchant class.

These wealthy merchants sought entertainment and social interaction, and the courtesans of the pleasure quarters provided it.

The Oiran were not merely objects of desire; they were cultivated companions, skilled in the arts and capable of engaging in intellectual discourse.

They held a certain power, commanding high prices for their company and dictating the terms of their interactions with patrons.

Their influence extended beyond the pleasure quarters, impacting fashion, art, and even political maneuvering.

Purpose and Sensitivity

The purpose of this exploration is to delve into the historical context and complexities of the Oiran and other high-ranking courtesans.

It is essential to approach this topic with sensitivity, recognizing that the lives of these women were often shaped by circumstances beyond their control.

While their profession involved elements of exploitation and social inequality, it also provided opportunities for agency, influence, and artistic expression.

By examining their lives through a historical lens, we can gain a deeper understanding of Japanese society, culture, and the enduring legacy of these fascinating and often misunderstood figures.

The world of the Japanese courtesan often conjures images shrouded in mystery and misconception. Far from simple prostitutes, these women, particularly the Oiran, occupied a unique and influential position in Japanese society. Their lives were interwoven with art, politics, and the vibrant, yet often rigidly structured, world of the Edo Period. This exploration seeks to peel back the layers of myth and misunderstanding to reveal the historical significance and complex realities of these figures. We aim to understand their role within the cultural tapestry of Japan, acknowledging the sensitivities inherent in discussing a profession that, while steeped in artistry and influence, also existed within a framework of social and economic constraints.

Beyond Misconceptions: Defining the Oiran

The term "Japanese courtesan" often evokes a singular image, but the reality is far more nuanced. To truly appreciate the Oiran and their place in history, it’s vital to first dismantle some prevailing misconceptions and differentiate them from other figures in the entertainment world, specifically the Geisha and Yujo. By understanding the distinctions in their roles, training, and social standing, we can begin to paint a more accurate picture of the Oiran’s unique and significant contributions to Japanese society.

Eradicating Common Stereotypes

One of the most pervasive misconceptions is the broad categorization of all women in the entertainment districts as simply "prostitutes." This simplification ignores the complex social hierarchy and diverse roles within these districts. The Oiran, in particular, were not merely sex workers. They were highly accomplished entertainers, skilled conversationalists, and trendsetters who exerted considerable influence on fashion, art, and even politics.

The Oiran vs. Geisha: A Crucial Distinction

The most common mistake is to conflate the Oiran with the Geisha. While both were skilled entertainers who provided companionship to wealthy patrons, their primary roles and training differed significantly.

Oiran, meaning "esteemed one," were high-ranking courtesans who underwent years of rigorous training in the arts, including music, dance, calligraphy, and poetry. They were also educated in history, literature, and current events, enabling them to engage in sophisticated conversation with their clients, who were often high-ranking members of society.

Geisha, on the other hand, were primarily entertainers whose skills lay in music, dance, and conversation. While some Geisha may have engaged in sexual relations with clients, it was not their primary function. Their role was to create an atmosphere of refined entertainment and intellectual stimulation.

Yujo: The Broader Category

The term Yujo is a more general term for prostitutes. While Oiran were technically Yujo, the title doesn’t encompass all that they were. Yujo generally denotes women who primarily offered sexual services without the extensive artistic and intellectual training of the Oiran. They occupied a lower social stratum within the entertainment districts.

Historical Evolution of the Courtesan Profession

The courtesan profession in Japan evolved over centuries, with its roots in the saburuko of the Nara and Heian periods. These female entertainers served the imperial court and aristocracy, providing music, dance, and poetry.

During the Edo Period, with the rise of urban centers and a wealthy merchant class, the courtesan profession flourished in the licensed entertainment districts known as yukaku. These districts became centers of culture and fashion, with the Oiran at the apex of this world.

Over time, the role of the Oiran gradually declined due to various factors, including economic changes, the rise of the Geisha as the dominant form of female entertainment, and the changing social norms of the Meiji era.

The Edo Period: A Fertile Ground for Courtesan Culture

Having differentiated the Oiran from other figures in the entertainment world, we can now delve into the historical backdrop against which their unique culture flourished. The Edo Period, with its distinct social and political characteristics, provided fertile ground for the rise and prominence of the courtesan profession.

The Social and Political Landscape of the Edo Period

The Edo Period (1603-1868), marked by the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, was a time of relative peace and stability in Japan. This era saw a rigid social hierarchy established, with society divided into four main classes: samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants.

Despite the emphasis on social order, the Edo Period also witnessed the growth of a vibrant urban culture, particularly in cities like Edo (modern-day Tokyo), Osaka, and Kyoto.

These urban centers became hubs of commerce, art, and entertainment, attracting people from all walks of life. This concentration of wealth and leisure created a demand for sophisticated forms of entertainment, which the courtesans were uniquely positioned to provide.

The Rise of Urban Centers and Entertainment Districts

The growth of urban centers during the Edo Period was intrinsically linked to the development of entertainment districts, known as yukaku. These districts, such as Yoshiwara in Edo, Shimabara in Kyoto, and Shinmachi in Osaka, were officially sanctioned areas where courtesans resided and plied their trade.

These districts were not merely red-light districts; they were also centers of culture and fashion. The Oiran, in particular, were instrumental in shaping the trends and tastes of the time. Their elaborate kimonos, hairstyles, and artistic accomplishments were widely admired and emulated, setting the standard for elegance and refinement.

The yukaku became spaces where social boundaries could be blurred, allowing merchants, samurai, and even members of the ruling class to mingle and enjoy the company of accomplished women.

Courtesans: Shaping Social Norms and Cultural Trends

The influence of courtesans extended far beyond the walls of the entertainment districts. They were arbiters of taste, influencing everything from fashion and literature to music and the arts. Their knowledge of current events, coupled with their wit and charm, made them highly sought-after conversationalists and companions.

Oiran often served as patrons of the arts, supporting artists, writers, and musicians. They also played a role in disseminating new ideas and trends, acting as cultural intermediaries between different social classes.

Their impact on Edo Period culture is undeniable, shaping the aesthetic sensibilities and social customs of the time.

Historical Context: Feudal Society and the Perception of Courtesan Culture

The rigid feudal structure of Edo society, while seemingly at odds with the existence of the yukaku, actually contributed to its prominence. The strict social hierarchy and emphasis on duty and obligation created a need for outlets where men could escape the pressures of their daily lives.

The entertainment districts provided a space where social constraints were temporarily suspended, allowing men to relax and indulge in pleasures that were otherwise forbidden.

However, it is important to note that the courtesan profession was not without its contradictions. While courtesans enjoyed a certain degree of social prestige and economic independence, they were also subject to strict rules and regulations.

Their lives were often fraught with financial insecurity and emotional challenges, a stark contrast to the glamorous image they projected. Understanding this nuanced historical context is crucial for appreciating the complex realities of courtesan culture in the Edo Period.

The Edo Period, therefore, witnessed not just the existence of courtesans, but their integration into the very fabric of urban life. Their influence extended beyond the pleasure quarters, shaping fashion, art, and social discourse. But even within these vibrant, yet enclosed worlds, a strict social order prevailed, mirroring the larger societal structure.

Hierarchies of Pleasure: Understanding Courtesan Ranks

The world of the courtesan was far from a homogenous one. It was a carefully constructed hierarchy, a social ladder climbed through years of dedicated training, artistic refinement, and the cultivation of a captivating persona. Understanding this ranking system is crucial to appreciating the complexities of the Oiran and their place in Edo society.

The Courtesan Hierarchy Unveiled

The yukaku were structured environments with a clear pecking order. At the apex stood the Oiran, but beneath them existed a complex system of ranks, each with its own set of expectations, privileges, and responsibilities.

• Shinzo: These were apprentice courtesans, often young girls undergoing rigorous training in the arts, etiquette, and conversation. They served as assistants to the higher-ranking courtesans, learning the intricacies of the profession. Their position was akin to that of a student, preparing for their eventual debut.

• Tsukebito: These courtesans were attached to a specific Oiran, acting as her personal attendants and companions. They were more experienced than the Shinzo and provided support in various aspects of the Oiran’s daily life.

• Yujo: This was a general term for courtesans, encompassing various levels of experience and skill. However, within the Yujo category, further distinctions existed based on factors such as beauty, talent, and popularity.

The Oiran, with their distinct status, held the highest rank. They were not merely prostitutes; they were highly skilled entertainers, fashion icons, and arbiters of taste. Their selection process was meticulous, and their training was extensive.

The Path to Prominence: Rigorous Training and Education

Ascending the courtesan hierarchy demanded more than just beauty. It required years of dedicated study and practice.

• Education: Courtesans received a comprehensive education encompassing reading, writing, calligraphy, poetry, music (particularly shamisen and singing), go, and the tea ceremony. This cultivated their intellectual and artistic abilities, enabling them to engage in sophisticated conversations with their patrons.

• Artistic Refinement: Mastery of various arts was essential. Courtesans were expected to be skilled in dance, singing, and playing musical instruments. They often collaborated with artists and writers, further enhancing their cultural appeal.

• Etiquette and Conversation: Courtesans were trained in the art of conversation, learning how to engage with men from all walks of life. They mastered subtle gestures, refined language, and the ability to create a captivating atmosphere.

The training regime was demanding, requiring discipline and perseverance. It transformed young girls into refined women capable of captivating the most discerning patrons.

Privileges and Responsibilities of Rank

Each rank within the courtesan hierarchy came with its own set of privileges and responsibilities.

• Oiran: Enjoyed the highest level of prestige and commanded the highest fees. They had the power to choose their clients and set their own terms. However, they also bore the responsibility of upholding the reputation of their house and maintaining their artistic excellence.

• Lower Ranks: Had less autonomy and earned significantly less. They were expected to be obedient to their superiors and work diligently to improve their skills and advance in rank.

The ranking system also influenced social interactions within the yukaku. Higher-ranking courtesans received greater respect and deference, while lower-ranking ones were expected to show humility and obedience. This created a structured environment where ambition and talent could be rewarded, but also where social hierarchies were strictly enforced.

Masterpieces of Seduction: Art and Entertainment as Currency

The hierarchy of the courtesan world, with its rigorous training and social stratification, rested upon a foundation of artistic and intellectual prowess. Courtesans, particularly the Oiran, were not merely objects of beauty; they were accomplished artists, skilled conversationalists, and arbiters of taste.

Their value lay not just in their physical appearance but in their ability to provide stimulating and sophisticated entertainment, making art and entertainment the very currency of their existence.

The Courtesan as Artist: A Multifaceted Education

The education of a high-ranking courtesan was extensive and demanding, surpassing that of many women (and even some men) of the time. It encompassed a wide range of artistic disciplines, transforming them into veritable Renaissance women of the Edo period.

Music was a cornerstone of their training. They mastered instruments like the shamisen (a three-stringed lute), the koto (a thirteen-stringed zither), and various percussion instruments.

Their performances were not simply displays of technical skill but were carefully crafted to evoke emotions and create a captivating atmosphere.

Dance was another essential art form. Courtesans were trained in traditional Japanese dance styles, emphasizing grace, poise, and the ability to tell stories through movement.

These dances were often performed during banquets and private gatherings, adding to the allure and mystique of the courtesan’s presence.

Calligraphy and poetry were highly valued skills, reflecting a courtesan’s intellectual refinement. They were expected to be proficient in writing beautiful and expressive calligraphy, as well as composing their own poems and verses.

These artistic expressions were often used to communicate with patrons, demonstrating their wit, intelligence, and sensitivity.

Furthermore, they were students of literature, well-versed in classical and contemporary works. This knowledge allowed them to engage in intelligent and stimulating conversations on a wide range of topics.

The Art of Conversation: Wit and Intelligence as Allure

Beyond the formal arts, courtesans cultivated the art of conversation to a remarkable degree. They were skilled in the art of kido (気働), which encompasses attentiveness, quick-wittedness, and the ability to anticipate and fulfill a guest’s needs.

They were expected to be informed about current events, social trends, and the latest gossip, allowing them to engage their patrons in lively and engaging discussions.

Their conversation was not simply idle chatter; it was a carefully crafted performance designed to flatter, amuse, and intellectually stimulate their clientele.

They knew how to listen attentively, ask insightful questions, and offer witty and insightful commentary, creating a sense of connection and intimacy.

Attracting and Entertaining Wealthy Patrons

The artistic and intellectual skills of the courtesan were instrumental in attracting and retaining wealthy patrons. In a society where status and wealth were paramount, being seen in the company of a beautiful, talented, and intelligent woman was a sign of prestige.

Courtesans understood this dynamic and used their skills to cultivate a sense of exclusivity and desire among their clientele.

Their performances, conversations, and artistic creations were carefully tailored to appeal to the individual tastes and interests of their patrons, creating a personalized and unforgettable experience.

By offering not just physical companionship but also intellectual and artistic stimulation, courtesans established themselves as indispensable figures in the lives of the wealthy elite. They were confidantes, advisors, and sources of entertainment, wielding considerable influence within their exclusive circles.

Dress to Impress: The Symbolism of Courtesan Attire

The artistic accomplishments of courtesans were undeniable, but their visual presentation was equally crucial to their allure and standing. Every element of their attire, from the intricately designed kimono to the elaborate hairstyles and makeup, served as a carefully constructed language, communicating not just beauty but also status, artistry, and personal expression.

The Kimono: A Canvas of Status and Artistry

The kimono of a courtesan was far more than just clothing; it was a walking work of art and a clear indicator of her rank within the yukaku (pleasure quarters). The quality of the silk, the complexity of the design, and the number of layers all spoke volumes about her position and the wealth of her patrons.

Colors and Patterns: A Coded Message

The colors used in a courtesan’s kimono were not chosen at random. Red, for example, was a particularly significant color, often associated with youth, passion, and sensuality. Deep indigo blues and purples, on the other hand, could indicate a more mature and sophisticated woman.

Patterns, too, held deep symbolic meaning. Auspicious motifs like cranes, pine trees, and plum blossoms were frequently incorporated, representing longevity, resilience, and beauty. The arrangement and density of these patterns could also subtly convey information about the courtesan’s artistic preferences and personality.

The Weight of Layers: Signaling Rank

The number of layers in a courtesan’s kimono was another critical indicator of her rank. High-ranking Oiran would often wear multiple layers of exquisitely embroidered silk, creating a voluminous and visually stunning effect. This layering not only added to the overall opulence but also served to restrict movement, emphasizing grace and poise.

Hair and Makeup: A Mask of Perfection

The hair and makeup of a courtesan were as meticulously crafted as her kimono. These elements transformed her into an idealized vision of beauty, reinforcing her role as an object of desire and artistic admiration.

The Elaborate Hairstyle: A Symbol of Sophistication

Courtesans’ hairstyles were incredibly elaborate, often incorporating multiple wigs, ornaments, and intricate arrangements. These hairstyles were not only visually striking but also required considerable time and effort to create, further highlighting the courtesan’s dedication to her profession. Specific hairstyles were also associated with particular ranks, making it easy to visually distinguish between different levels of courtesans.

The Power of White: The Geisha Influence

The iconic white makeup was a defining characteristic of courtesan appearance, although its style predates and heavily influenced that of the geisha. This striking contrast accentuated their features and created an ethereal, almost otherworldly look. The application of the makeup was a ritual in itself, requiring precision and skill to achieve the desired effect.

Subtle Variations: Individual Expression

While adhering to established norms, courtesans often incorporated subtle variations in their hair and makeup to express their individuality. The angle of an eyebrow, the shade of lipstick, or the placement of a hair ornament could all serve as subtle signals of personal style and preference.

Attire as a Reflection of Social Standing

In the tightly controlled social hierarchy of the Edo period, attire was a powerful marker of status. The courtesans, particularly the Oiran, occupied a unique position within this system. While they were technically considered to be outside of conventional society, their wealth and influence afforded them a degree of prestige.

The opulence of their clothing served as a visual representation of their success and desirability, reinforcing their position at the pinnacle of the entertainment world. Their ability to command such luxurious garments also underscored the power and wealth of their patrons.

The symbolism embedded within a courtesan’s attire was a complex and multifaceted language, conveying a wealth of information about her status, artistry, and personal expression. It was a visual spectacle designed to captivate and enchant, solidifying her role as a cultural icon and a master of seduction.

The elaborate kimonos, dazzling makeup, and refined artistic skills were all carefully constructed facades, designed to captivate and enchant. However, behind the shimmering surface lay a complex world of rigid rules, intricate social dynamics, and often harsh financial realities. The life of a courtesan within the yukaku, particularly within established districts like Shinmachi, was far from a life of unbridled freedom.

Life Behind the Glamour: Etiquette, Customs, and Expectations in Shinmachi

The entertainment districts, while seemingly worlds of pleasure and indulgence, were governed by a complex web of unspoken rules and long-standing traditions. For a courtesan, navigating this intricate social landscape was as crucial to her success as her beauty or artistic talent.

The Ironclad Rules of Etiquette

Courtesans were expected to adhere to a strict code of conduct that dictated everything from their speech and posture to their interactions with guests and fellow yujo. Every action was scrutinized, and any deviation from the established norms could have severe consequences.

Respect for Hierarchy:
The oiran system was built on a rigid hierarchy, and courtesans were expected to show deference to their seniors and those of higher rank.

The Art of Conversation:
Courtesans were trained to be engaging conversationalists, skilled in the art of witty banter and subtle flattery. They had to be knowledgeable about a wide range of topics, from classical literature to current events, and able to adapt their conversation to suit the individual tastes of their patrons.

Maintaining Appearances:
A courtesan’s reputation was paramount, and they were expected to maintain a flawless public image at all times. This meant adhering to strict dress codes, avoiding scandalous behavior, and always presenting themselves as refined and sophisticated ladies.

Navigating the Social Labyrinth of Shinmachi

Shinmachi, like other yukaku, was a self-contained world with its own unique social ecosystem. Courtesans lived and worked alongside other yujo, teahouse owners, entertainers, and a variety of other individuals who played a role in the district’s economy.

Relationships with Patrons:
Building and maintaining relationships with wealthy patrons was essential for a courtesan’s success. This required a delicate balance of charm, intelligence, and an understanding of the patron’s desires. These relationships were often complex, involving not only financial transactions but also emotional connections and personal obligations.

Competition and Camaraderie:
While there was undoubtedly a sense of competition among courtesans, particularly those vying for the attention of the most desirable patrons, there was also a degree of camaraderie. Yujo often supported each other, sharing information, offering advice, and providing emotional support.

The Role of the Brothel Owner:
The owner of the brothel held immense power over the lives of the courtesans who worked for them. They were responsible for managing their finances, arranging their appointments, and ensuring that they adhered to the rules of the district. The relationship between a courtesan and her brothel owner could be both supportive and exploitative, depending on the individual circumstances.

The Financial Realities: Debt, Contracts, and Dependence

The glamorous facade of the courtesan world often concealed a harsh economic reality. Many young women were sold into the profession to pay off family debts, and they were then obligated to work until they had earned enough to buy their freedom.

The Cycle of Debt:
Courtesans were responsible for paying for their elaborate clothing, makeup, and other expenses, which often left them in a perpetual state of debt to the brothel owner. This cycle of debt could be difficult to break, and many yujo never managed to earn enough to buy their freedom.

Contracts and Obligations:
The contracts that governed a courtesan’s employment were often heavily weighted in favor of the brothel owner. These contracts typically stipulated the length of their service, the amount they would be paid, and the penalties for breaking the terms of the agreement.

The Illusion of Wealth:
While some oiran were able to accumulate considerable wealth, the majority lived a precarious existence, dependent on the generosity of their patrons and the whims of their brothel owners. The life of a courtesan was a constant balancing act between maintaining the illusion of wealth and power and grappling with the harsh realities of their economic situation.

Life in the Shinmachi district, with its emphasis on refined skills and social navigation, might seem worlds away from our modern context. Yet, the story of the courtesan extends far beyond the Edo period, echoing through artistic expression and shaping contemporary perceptions.

From Historical Figure to Cultural Icon: The Legacy of the Courtesan

The legacy of the Japanese courtesan is multifaceted, extending beyond their historical existence to permeate art, literature, and modern interpretations. While the profession itself declined dramatically, the image of the oiran and other high-ranking yujo has been continuously reinterpreted and reimagined, reflecting evolving societal values and artistic sensibilities. Understanding this legacy requires examining the factors that led to their decline, their enduring presence in cultural narratives, and the complexities of their modern perception.

The Twilight of an Era: Decline of the Courtesan Profession

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the gradual decline of the courtesan profession. Several factors contributed to this shift.

The Meiji Restoration (1868) ushered in a period of rapid modernization and Westernization. Traditional social structures and customs were challenged, and new forms of entertainment emerged.

Laws were enacted to curb prostitution and address concerns about human trafficking, impacting the operation of licensed entertainment districts. Changing social attitudes towards women and the rise of new female professions also contributed to the decline.

As Japan embraced modernity, the elaborate rituals and artistic traditions associated with the yukaku gradually lost their appeal for some, replaced by more contemporary forms of entertainment.

Enduring Images: Courtesans in Art and Literature

Despite their decline, courtesans continued to captivate the imagination of artists and writers. They became prominent figures in various forms of artistic expression.

Ukiyo-e and Visual Representations

Ukiyo-e woodblock prints, particularly those by artists like Kitagawa Utamaro and Katsushika Hokusai, immortalized the beauty and elegance of courtesans. These prints provided glimpses into their world, showcasing their elaborate attire, hairstyles, and artistic accomplishments.

The prints helped to solidify the image of the courtesan as a symbol of refinement and allure, contributing to their enduring mystique.

Literary Depictions

Courtesans also appeared in numerous works of literature, ranging from classical poetry to modern novels.

These portrayals often explored the complexities of their lives, delving into their personal struggles, social constraints, and the emotional toll of their profession.

Some narratives romanticized their lives, while others offered a more critical and realistic perspective.

The Modern Gaze: Evolving Perceptions

The modern perception of courtesans is complex and often contradictory.

They are simultaneously romanticized as figures of beauty and artistic talent and viewed critically through the lens of modern social values.

Some feminist scholars have challenged the romanticized image of courtesans, highlighting the exploitative aspects of their profession and the limitations placed upon their freedom.

Others emphasize the agency and resilience of these women, acknowledging their contributions to art, culture, and social life within the constraints of their time.

Reinterpretations and Cultural Adaptations

Courtesans continue to inspire contemporary artists, writers, and filmmakers. Their stories are often reinterpreted to address modern themes and concerns.

These reinterpretations can be seen in contemporary fashion, design, and performance art, reflecting a fascination with the aesthetic and cultural legacy of the courtesan.

By understanding the multifaceted legacy of the Japanese courtesan, we gain a deeper appreciation for their historical significance and their enduring presence in the cultural landscape. Their story serves as a reminder of the complexities of the past and the importance of critically examining historical narratives.

So, hopefully, you’ve gained a bit more clarity on japanese courtesan meaning and the fascinating history surrounding these women. Thanks for exploring this with us!